Investigating Ratios of Areas and Volumes Speech or Presentation

Investigating Ratios of Areas and Volumes - Speech or Presentation Example A graphical depiction of the said areas is shown below: Knowing the value of the area B, the area A may also be computed. Instead of integrating the function, it is simpler to subtract the area below the curve from the total area of the rectangle. This results to area A as shown: By comparing the plots of two curves, it can be seen that the area under the curve decreases as the exponent increases. Consequently, the ratio of the two areas also increases. This trend supports the calculated data. This shows that for the section of the curve from x = 0 to 1, the ratio is just equal to the exponent. However, does this conjecture hold true for all ranges? To examine this, we reevaluate the generic function y = xn with various ranges: With a range of 0 to 2 for x, the ratio of the areas remains equal to n. However, only the upper limit has been changed in this particular case. By adjusting the lower limit, a certain area is removed from the rectangle as depicted in the following graph. Again, the resultant ratio is simply equal to the exponent n. In fact, it can be proven that the ratio will remain constant despite any changes in the limit. With a lower limit of a and an upper limit of b, the proof will appear as shown. Now that it is clear that the ratio of the two areas will remain constant, it is possible to extend the analysis to a three-dimensional one by revolving the surface around a specified axis. First, we will investigate the effects of a revolution around the x-axis. Since the area being revolved is that of B, the resulting volume is taken by evaluating the previous expression. The radius in such a case would be equivalent to y or generally xn. Using this, the volume can be determined in a straightforward manner. The remaining volume is that of the revolution of surface A. However, instead of integrating, it is

Unified of the American Constitution Essay Example for Free

Unified of the American Constitution Essay What was the original intent of the U.S. Constitution? Why did Alexander Hamilton want to create a more powerful centralization of federal government? What is the difference between Democratic-Republican and Federalist? Analyzing and resolving constitutional issues was an ongoing process during the eighteenth century. According to Jack Rakove â€Å"†¦ from a historical perspective this book, guidelines, approval around the constitution, form political worries about reviewing in 1780, the Constitution and the clarification of the scope that the debate on the role of the original intent of the constitutional debate should be interpreted to play. † 1 Also Rakove thinks the federal constitution must be developed to address the representatives of the executive power and the rights and constitutional concepts in a way reflecting the highest law. The federal convention or intense political debate followed. Similar to Rakove, some people believed the Constitution could give people clearer rules to tell them what they were supposed to do or not. In addition, the Constitution could also prohibit the government from what they should not do. The government needs to guarantee freedom for people, and what rights belong to people couldn’t be violated. The Constitution also remains above the government; while maintaining above the people, its like a barrier to prevent the government from expanding. The Constitution could guarantee justice and equity for what the government sometimes did, like being secretive, and corrupt, which violates and ignores the Constitution by following the money of corporations, lobbyists, and bankers that are destroying our country, freedoms, economy, and our way of life. It provides a set of hard-fast rules for the creation and perpetuation of a Legislature, an Executive, and a Judiciary Branch. According to Madison, he was the person strongly argued for the central of the government that would unify the country and he was the most important person to write and creation of the Constitution. People call him Father of the Constitution. He thought a representative government suppose governed by those smaller states. The  power should be limited by the Federal Government because those specific areas know what they wanted and had representatives their interests. So the best way to vote was elect representatives was social system, citizens because they lived in same of the territory, it would be easier for them to agree to work together to realize their ideas. The government should protect different rights because through their representative institutions pronunciation sounds more in line with the interests of human society and the decision of the people were subject to their own interests, such as the freedom of speech, religion and the press. Alexander Hamilton believed the new U.S. administration should be divided into three divisions: Congress executive, legislative and judicial powers. 2 The government divided into three sections would provide checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, and that by working together in three different branches can concentrate power in the state. He also believed that serving the life of good character, or, more precisely, would give stability to the administrative offices on the other hand, that short-term services only encourage politicians to focus on re-election, rather than the rule in this country. Hamilton also thought people should have bicameral: one is upper chamber, called the Senate, including the elite aristocracy of the country, and one is lower chamber, called the General Assembly. Would be the seat of democracy for the American people, Senator Election life’s by the House of Lords and the elected representatives of the elected term of three years. According to George Washington, â€Å"from all classes of Citizens, The reflection on the days of difficulty and danger which are past is rendered the more sweet, from a consciousness that they are succeeded by days of uncommon prosperity and security. One says George Washington was a very passionate, very proud man. In this sense, he was seen as a quiet man. His pride came from a sense of honor. This was reflected in; he would do everything, and He showed humility, when he was appointed commander of the Continental Army s commander in chief, he said he did not think he had the ability to task, but it needed to start with all his strength. He also had a heart of gratitude and sincere attitude. He respected the views of the  Congress; he would make every effort to live up to their expectations. His believed in public service his entire life, if you sport or tooted his horn† to get the job, then you are not eligible to sow themselves. In conclusion, the differences between Jam es Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington were James Madison believed in a limited federal government, and Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong, extensive federal government. George Washington was friends with Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington was also a Federalist, so he believed in a strong central government because George Washington believed that if our nation would survive then we would need a strong government and the government needed rules to go by or they would basically rule over Americans. But they all have their different ways to seeing and saying the same ideas about the constitution in the eighteenth century. On the other hand, the similarity between James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington were having similar ideas about the constitution in eighteenth century. They all want to make the unification of the constitution of U.S. because it can protect all of our rights of its citizens. One could argue about the Federalists was more important than the Republicans because the Federalists make the country more organized and clearer rule for all the people in the U.S. This is the agreement for the most important power of the constitution because the process of drafting and ratification of the Constitution led to the victory of the Enlightenment philosophy: the full definition and addressing social and political issues of integrity and ability of the human rational nature of man and society personalities and beliefs. Indeed, the Constitution itself is perhaps best understood as an Enlightenment document, also because it reflects the target, order, freedom and justice and the general welfare of its preamble and its explicit and implicit promises, the concept of limited government, civil liberties , Church and State, military strength limitations, as well as the separation of an open society.

Digital Video Recorders Essay -- essays research papers

We have all at some time or another missed a show we have wanted to see. Things such as work and school get in our way of watching our favorite shows. Shows that we have watched religiously. Ten years ago, if you knew you were about to miss a show, you would leave the TV on the channel you need to watch, and you would set the VCR timer to the appropriate time. This was and is not the most fun and easy thing to do. At the most, you would want to do this once a week as a maximum. Did you ever have to get up and go to the bathroom while the game is on? Sometimes you have to bear yourself just so you do not miss a single thing. Digital Video Recorders (DVR’s), eliminate all of this and more. If there is a show that you watch, you just enter it in the season pass box of your DVR. This ensures that your recorder will capture every episode of that show for you to watch. Sometimes there is only one showing of something. No problem, just select it and hit record. DVR’s make it easy to record anything on TV. They store all of the upcoming shows, so you do not have to enter dates and times. Say you are watching that game, and your bowels go off. Hit the pause button! Yes, with a DVR, it is possible to pause live TV. The thing is, you probably will not be using the pause button for live TV, because you probably will not be watching anything live anymore. You do not have to worry about commercials, you fast-forward through them. With a DVR, you watch what you want, when you want. DVR’s...

One Child Policy in China

What is One Child Policy? It is the birth control policy, one of the most important social policies over the world. Simply to say, One Child Policy is the population control policy that has applied since 1979 in China. The government sets a limit for the maximum number of children for each family. It officially restricts married urban couples to have only one child while it allows rural couples, minorities to have more than one child. It isn’t quite difficult to imagine how China would have been if the birth control policy hadn’t been applied. People would have suffered from famine, death and the shortage of variety of sources. However, One Child Policy is a double-edge sword for China.On the one hand, China effectively controls the population growth, fertility rate, and gains huge economic benefit as well; on the other hand, it is a source of great pain for one generation. To understand the One Child Policy it is necessary to know a bit of history about how and why it was created. Until the 1960s, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao's belief that â€Å"the more people, the stronger we are† (Potts, 2006, p. 361). It prevented the emergence of the development of One Child Policy earlier in China. In the next few decades, the population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976 (National Bureau of Statistics, P.R.China, 2000).Beginning in 1970, Chinese people were encouraged to marry at an older age, and they were allowed to have two children. Although the fertility rate began to decrease, the government launched the One Child Policy due to the future overwhelming population growth (Potts, 2006). The One Child Policy has significant effects on variety factors, such as population growth and fertility rate, social health service, education, and the development of economy.The first plain effect is the control of population growth and fertility rate. Statistics in figure 1 shows the fertility rate in China from 1960 to 2010, and the fertility rate fell from 2.63 births per woman in 1980 to 1.61 in 2010, which almost reached 6 in the 1960s. The Chinese government makes the claim that it had three to four hundred million fewer people in 2008 under the One Child Policy (Hu, 2002).Figure 1: Fertility Rate in China from 1960 to 2010 Source: World Bank, 2012, Retrieved from http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_tfrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:CHN&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false&icfgOne of the most important considerations of One Child Policy is related to economy. The economic development is the original intent of this policy, such as reducing the demand of nature resources and decreasing the unemployment of surplus labors. Obviously, the limited resource cannot always satisfy the demand of resource of the growing population. The sufficient nature resource is a vital factor for a group of people to survive; enough social resource is significant for a society to stabilize.As Deng Xiaoping, who is the former leader in China, said that â€Å"the  development is the only principle†. As long as the country had a steady population rate, the society would function within a balance between both nature and social resource and the demand of resource of the population. Undeniably, China, Chinese people and even the whole world are all benefited from the One Child Policy in terms of reduction of the demand for resources. Now, the One Child Policy has existed for over thirty years. People gain the profit but also gain the pain from it, especially the generation of single children.It’s a labeled generation. Little emperors, little princesses, little suns are all used to describe this self-centered generation. These labels also show the possible social problems for this generation. Most single children are unable to care for their older adult relatives and others because they are used to receiving and accepting the love from parents and grandparents while rarely give and share with others in the family. People worry that it would result in a tendency of poor social communication and cooperation skills for these young adults in the society. In fact, these young adults pay more than others to learn cooperation and communication with others when they start their career lives.Besides the social problem, another problem of this generation is the â€Å"four-two-one† problem. As the first generation under the One Child Policy, the children who were born in 1980s are approaching adulthood now. They are building their own families, getting married and  having babies. In China, they are responsible to support their parents and four grandparents. It is called the â€Å"four-two-one Problem†. Statistics shows that there are ninety million only children in China in 2000 (Yang, 2010). The young adults, who are still st ruggling in the society themselves, should take the responsibility of their own small families; meanwhile, they also have to be responsible for their parents and grandparents. It is a huge life stress.With pains and gains in these thirty years the One Child Policy has completed its mission in its first step. Page (2011) presents that â€Å"China appears to have achieved that goal: Initial census results show China's population, the world's largest, rose to 1.34 billion in 2010, from 1.27 billion in 2000. That puts average annual growth at 0.57% over the decade, down from 1.07% in 1990-2000† (p. 1). Recently, the existence of the One Child Policy is becoming a debate. People discuss whether the policy should exit the stage of the history or still maintain in effect. Figure 2 shows the Chinese population growth from 1961 to 2008.Under the application of One Child Policy the tendency of demography growth shows a steady rising pace. If the government abolished the One Child Polic y suddenly, the Chinese demography would still increase sharply in the next few decades. One of the essential factors couldn’t be ignored: the Chinese demography has a hugest base in the world.Figure 2: Population of China from 1961 to 2008 Source: Quilokos, D. Creative Commons, 2011The Chinese government declared that the One Child Policy will still be implemented on the population control in another decade. In the next phase, the One Child Policy will turn to a relative loose phase. It has new criteria to allow couples to have a second child such as the parents who are the only children themselves (Page, 2011). To sum up, the One Child Policy was created in China in a specific time; it has both positive and negative effects these years. Although it is a source of great pain for one generation, people cannot deny the resulting benefits. It will remain effective in China as an important policy at least for one more decade, and gradually fade out from the stage of Chinese hist ory.ReferencesHu, H. (2002, Oct 18). Family Planning Law and China's Birth Control Situation. China.org.cn. Retrieved from http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/46138.htmNational Bureau of Statistics, P.R.China. Total population, CBR, CDR, NIR and TFR of China 1949-2000. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010census /2010-08/20/content_11182379.htmPage, J. (2011, April 29). China’s one-child plan faces new fire: Census shows slowing growth as population ages, giving critics ammunition. The Wall Street Journal Online. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704463804576291010133986864. htmlPotts, M. (2006). China’s one child policy: the policy that changed the world. BMJ, 333, 361.Yang, Y. (2010. Oct 10). Are â€Å"four-two-one†families really a problem?. China Population Association Online. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20110707050058/http:// cpachn.org.cn/ShowNews.asp?ID=1021One Child Policy in Chi naWhat is One Child Policy? It is the birth control policy, one of the most important social policies over the world. Simply to say, One Child Policy is the population control policy that has applied since 1979 in China. The government sets a limit for the maximum number of children for each family. It officially restricts married urban couples to have only one child while it allows rural couples, minorities to have more than one child. It isn’t quite difficult to imagine how China would have been if the birth control policy hadn’t been applied.People would have suffered from famine,  death and the shortage of variety of sources. However, One Child Policy is a double-edge sword for China. On the one hand, China effectively controls the population growth, fertility rate, and gains huge economic benefit as well; on the other hand, it is a source of great pain for one generation. To understand the One Child Policy it is necessary to know a bit of history about how and w hy it was created. Until the 1960s, the government encouraged families to have as many children as possible because of Mao's belief that â€Å"the more people, the stronger we are† (Potts, 2006, p. 361). It prevented the emergence of the development of One Child Policy earlier in China. In the next few decades, the population grew from around 540 million in 1949 to 940 million in 1976 (National Bureau of Statistics, P.R.China, 2000).Beginning in 1970, Chinese people were encouraged to marry at an older age, and they were allowed to have two children. Although the fertility rate began to decrease, the government launched the One Child Policy due to the future overwhelming population growth (Potts, 2006). The One Child Policy has significant effects on variety factors, such as population growth and fertility rate, social health service, education, and the development of economy. The first plain effect is the control of population growth and fertility rate.Statistics in figure 1 shows the fertility rate in China from 1960 to 2010, and the fertility rate fell from 2.63 births per woman in 1980 to 1.61 in 2010, which almost reached 6 in the 1960s. The Chinese government makes the claim that it had three to four hundred million fewer people in 2008 under the One Child Policy (Hu, 2002).Figure 1: Fertility Rate in China from 1960 to 2010 Source: World Bank, 2012, Retrieved from http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_tfrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:CHN&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false&icfgOne of the most important considerations of One Child Policy is related to economy. The economic development is the original intent of this policy, such as reducing the demand of nature resources and decreasing the unemployment of surplus labors. Obviously, the limited resource cannot always satisfy the demand of resource of the growing population. The  sufficient nature resource i s a vital factor for a group of people to survive; enough social resource is significant for a society to stabilize. As Deng Xiaoping, who is the former leader in China, said that â€Å"the  development is the only principle†.As long as the country had a steady population rate, the society would function within a balance between both nature and social resource and the demand of resource of the population. Undeniably, China, Chinese people and even the whole world are all benefited from the One Child Policy in terms of reduction of the demand for resources. Now, the One Child Policy has existed for over thirty years. People gain the profit but also gain the pain from it, especially the generation of single children. It’s a labeled generation. Little emperors, little princesses, little suns are all used to describe this self-centered generation. These labels also show the possible social problems for this generation.Most single children are unable to care for their old er adult relatives and others because they are used to receiving and accepting the love from parents and grandparents while rarely give and share with others in the family. People worry that it would result in a tendency of poor social communication and cooperation skills for these young adults in the society. In fact, these young adults pay more than others to learn cooperation and communication with others when they start their career lives. Besides the social problem, another problem of this generation is the â€Å"four-two-one† problem. As the first generation under the One Child Policy, the children who were born in 1980s are approaching adulthood now. They are building their own families, getting married and having babies.In China, they are responsible to support their parents and four grandparents. It is called the â€Å"four-two-one Problem†. Statistics shows that there are ninety million only children in China in 2000 (Yang, 2010). The young adults, who are st ill struggling in the society themselves, should take the responsibility of their own small families; meanwhile, they also have to be responsible for their parents and grandparents. It is a huge life stress.With pains and gains in these thirty years the One Child Policy has completed its mission in its first step. Page (2011) presents that â€Å"China appears to have achieved that goal: Initial census results show China's population, the world's largest, rose to 1.34 billion in 2010, from  1.27 billion in 2000. That puts average annual growth at 0.57% over the decade, down from 1.07% in 1990-2000† (p. 1). Recently, the existence of the One Child Policy is becoming a debate. People discuss whether the policy should exit the stage of the history or still maintain in effect. Figure 2 shows the Chinese population growth from 1961 to 2008.Under the application of One Child Policy the tendency of demography growth shows a steady rising pace. If the government abolished the One Ch ild Policy suddenly, the Chinese demography would still increase sharply in the next few decades. One of the essential factors couldn’t be ignored: the Chinese demography has a hugest base in the world.Figure 2: Population of China from 1961 to 2008 Source: Quilokos, D. Creative Commons, 2011The Chinese government declared that the One Child Policy will still be implemented on the population control in another decade. In the next phase, the One Child Policy will turn to a relative loose phase. It has new criteria to allow couples to have a second child such as the parents who are the only children themselves (Page, 2011). To sum up, the One Child Policy was created in China in a specific time; it has both positive and negative effects these years. Although it is a source of great pain for one generation, people cannot deny the resulting benefits. It will remain effective in China as an important policy at least for one more decade, and gradually fade out from the stage of Chi nese history.ReferencesHu, H. (2002, Oct 18). Family Planning Law and China's Birth Control Situation. China.org.cn. Retrieved from http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/46138.htmNational Bureau of Statistics, P.R.China. Total population, CBR, CDR, NIR and TFR of China 1949-2000. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010census /2010-08/20/content_11182379.htmPage, J. (2011, April 29). China’s one-child plan faces new fire: Census shows slowing growth as population ages, giving critics ammunition. The Wall Street Journal Online. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704463804576291010133986864. htmlPotts, M. (2006). China’s one child policy: the policy that changed the world. BMJ, 333, 361.Yang, Y. (2010. Oct 10). Are â€Å"four-two-one†families really a problem?. China Population Association Online. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20110707050058/http:// cpachn.org.cn/ShowNews.asp?ID=1021

Varun Nagar Case

Executive summary: Varun Nagar Agriculture cooperative society (VNACS) has two assets which include, Rs 5, 00,000 in cash and a paddy stock which is worth Rs 5, 00,000. The liabilities of VNACS include, Rs 5,00,000 to be paid for procurement of paddy to farmers, and Rs 5,29,167 to be paid towards over draft amount this also includes the accrued interest over the period of seven months(Rs 29,167 is the interest to be paid for seven months from September 1990 to march 1991) as the over draft has been drawn September last year. Mr.Agarwal the Manager of VNACS has two make decisions about two business proposals in front of him, whether he should retain paddy stock and whether he should buy fertilizer stock. Mr. Agarwal taking all the option available into consideration decides to retain paddy stock and not to buy fertilizer stock this decision will be in the best interest of Cooperative and farmers at large. Main Report: 1. Situation Analysis: a) Introduction: The case revolves around Mr . Agarwal, Manager of the cooperative (VNACS), other players include the members of the agriculture cooperative, Mr. Dwivedi, the bank manager.The main functions of VNACS are to procure the agricultural produce from farmer members and market it in the district mandis. The society also procured and supplied inputs (seeds, fertilizers and pesticides) to the farmer members. Mr. Agarwal’s objective is to ensure maximum benefit to the farmers through the cooperative and its operations, and also to sustain the society’s good image. Where as being the members of cooperative, the farmers wish is to gain the maximum return of their produce. The branch manager would like to extend the business with the cooperative in the long run. ) Objectives: Mr. Agarwal’s should make decisions which are in the best interest of all the stake holders, whom include, the Farmer members of the society, the Co-operative society and the Bank. The Farmer members should get best price for their agricultural produce and have access to agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizers at cheaper prices compared to the market price. The Co-operative society should sustain the good image earned over the years, which helped in ensuring the support of the bank, and support of members of the society.Taking the above into consideration the objectives should be * To meet the expectations and also serving in the best interest of farmer members. * To sustain the good image of the Co-operative society in the years to come. * To maintain good relation with Jaldhara District Cooperative Bank, and to remain credit worthy. c) Decision problems: Mr. Agarwal has two decision problems which he should confront in the process of working towards the objectives. * Should he retain the paddy stock? * Should he buy fertilizer? Mr.Agarwal has these two business decision to make, which can contribute towards VNACS’s larger objective of serving the members interest, and his objective to serve VN ACS’s interest in the best possible manner. But due to the limited resources available with VNACS, it gives rise to this situation in which Mr. Agarwal is confronted with these decision problems. His options include holding the paddy for sale in October to get better returns, another option is to buy fertilizer now so that the society can supply fertilizers to the farmer members at a cheaper price in October.The Co-operative is not financially strong to do both, as the payment of Rs. 5, 00,000 to the members towards the procurement of paddy was due by March 31, 1991. Mr. Agarwal’s objective is to serve in the best interest of the farmer members He understands how important it is to make payment to the farmers on time, so he certainly does not want to default on that, come what may. Therefore after the repayment of Rs 5 lakhs to farmer members VNACS is left with the paddy stock which is worth Rs 5 lakhs. Mr.Agarwal under these circumstances should confront the above men tioned decision problems. d) Criteria for decision making: As discussed above, the payment should be made to the farmers on or before the due date, at any cost. He should make a decision which would lead to maximum benefit for farmer members in financial terms, as that was the aim with which VNACS was set up. In the given scenario it is very difficult for the society to get a loan of substantial amount, though society can ask for a small additional loan given the good terms which society has with the bank.Taking above discussed criteria into consideration we can prioritize them as * Payment for the procured paddy should be made to the farmers on or before the Due date * Maximum benefit to the farmers, whether in terms of getting higher price for their agricultural produce of providing access to agricultural inputs at a cheaper price. * To maintain credit worthiness with bank. Society has already taken an over draft of R 5 lakhs, so it is likely that only small amount can be sought a s loan from the banks. * To maximize the total revenue for the Co-operative society . Decision process: a) Generating Alternatives: Mr. Agarwal has two confront with two decision problem, Should he retain paddy stock? Should he buy fertilizer? From these two decision problems we can generate four different alternatives. I. Sell paddy stock now and do not buy fertilizer. II. Retain paddy stock till September/ October, and purchase fertilizer now. III. Retain paddy stock till September/ October, but do not purchase fertilizer. IV. Sell paddy stock now, and purchase fertilizer now. b) Evaluation of Alternatives: I.Sell paddy stock now and do not buy fertilizer: In this alternative buy selling 100 tons of paddy stock at current market price of Rs 5,000 per ton, would mean that buy this sale Society would only be able to repay the procurement cost of paddy i. e. Rs 5 lakh to the farmers which is due for 31st march. Society has an additional cash balance of Rs 5 Lakh, which would go for t he repayment of over draft taken from the bank in September 1990. But the interest for seven months on over draft of Rs 5 lakh, which accounts to Rs 30,000, has to be paid to the bank.Net Result is a loss of Rs. 30,000 In this alternative we are able to meet the first criteria, i. e. the repayment to the farmers, but we are not able to meet the rest criteria II. Retain paddy stock till September/ October, and purchase fertilizer now: This criteria can give us good profit, but taking the current situation of VNACS which has already taken an over draft of Rs 5, 00,000 the bank is most likely will not provide an additional loan. The estimated additional cost to go ahead with this alternative is Rs 5, 68,000. Estimated additional cost in Rupees|Cost to buy 2000 bags of fertilizers = 5,00,000| Cost to insure both fertilizer and paddy stock = 40,000| Labour and equipment cost = 25,000| Rent paid for storage of fertilizer stock = 3,000| Total = 5,68,000| Even though we can gain good return s from this alternative, it is very improbable to mobilize such huge amount, give the conditions. III. Retain paddy stock till September/ October, but do not purchase fertilizer. In this alternative the cash reserve of Rs 5 lakh will be used to repay the procurement cost of paddy i. e.Rs 5 lakh to the farmers which is due for 31st march. We will retain the paddy stock till September/ October, and we would not buy any fertilizer. The minimum safe estimated market price of 100 tons of paddy stock would be Rs 6 lakh. Immediate cost in this alternative will be to insure the paddy stock for the coming year, which would cost us Rs 20,000. This amount can be easily negotiated with the bank, as Manager of the bank was happy with the operations of the Co-operative. Expenditure in Rupees| Cost of procured paddy = 5,00,000| Insurance cost = 20,000|Interest payable to bank = 29,167+ 26,000| Total expenditure = 5,76,000| Minimum expected market price of 100 tons of paddy in September/ October is Rs 6, 00,000. Net Result is a profit of Rs 24,833 In this alternative we are able to meet the first criteria, i. e. the repayment to the farmers. We can meet the second criterion that is to provide maximum benefit to the farmers, by providing the fertilizers at a cheaper price. The market price of fertilizer in September/ October will be Rs 300 per bag, and the society’s annual requirement is 2,000 bags, we can ubsidize each bag of fertilizer by Rs 10, which will cost the society Rs 20,000 that can met from the profit made, and remaining Rs 4,833 can be carried for next year in society’s cash account. An important point to be noted is we are considering the minimum market price observed at that time of the year, if the market price per ton of paddy is Rs 7,500 which has a probability of 25% the society would make huge profits, this profit can be utilized to provide more benefits to the farmer members.Some amount can be saved for future operations of the cooperative. I V. Sell paddy stock now, and purchase fertilizer now: In this alternative the cash reserve of Rs 5 lakh will be used to repay the procurement cost of paddy i. e. Rs 5 lakh to the farmers which is due for 31st march. Sell the paddy stock at current market price hence the current cash balance is Rs 5, 00,000 after selling paddy stock. The expenditure incurred to buy the fertilizer is Expenditure in Rupees| Cost to buy 2000 bags of fertilizers = 5,00,000| Insurance cost = 20,000|Labour and equipment cost = 25,000| Interest payable to bank = 29,167+26,000| Total expenditure = 6,00,167| The market price of fertilizer bag in September/ October is Rs 300, so the total revenue could be Rs 6 lakh, but during this period of six months there are losses of 5% in the total stock. The total revenue considering the losses is Rs 5, 70,000. Net result is a loss of Rs 30,167 In this alternative we are able to meet the first criteria, but failing to meet the rest all criteria. C) Decision: The 3rd alt ernative i. e. o retain paddy stock and not to buy fertilizer meets all the criteria, this alternative earns profit while the rest alternatives are making losses. Hence the 3rd alternative should be the decision of Mr. Agarwal. 3) Implementation: The 3rd alternative fulfills the objective of society with which it was formed that the larger intrest of the stakeholders should be served. This way society is able to pay the farmers the value to its produce as well as build corpus of the society without any significant risk involved. As discussed in the 3rd alternative Mr. Agarwal will retain the paddy stock till September/October

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 1

Best Summary and Analysis The Great Gatsby, Chapter 1 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In The Great Gatsby, Chapter 1, the table is set, both figuratively and literally. Figurative table setting includes meeting our narrator, Nick Carraway, and getting a sense of the wealthy Long Island neighborhood where the novel will take place. Literal table setting - well, that’s the dinner Nick has with his cousin Daisy, her husband Tom, and their friend (and Nick’s eventual love interest) Jordan Baker. Keep reading tolearn more about what happens in this chapter, understand how it touches on the novel’s main themes, and see close readings of key quotations! Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. The Great GatsbyChapter 1 Summary Nick Carraway introduces himself as a nonjudgmental observer of other people who has recently returned to his home in a wealthy Midwestern family from the East Coast after a devastating disappointment. This disappointment is the story he is about to tell, which happened two years before. After graduating from Yale, and fighting in WWI, Nick decides to become a bond trader and moves near NYC. Nick rents a house in West Egg, a Long Island suburb that is less fashionable than East Egg, which lies across the Long Island Sound. His tiny, cheap bungalow is next to Gatsby’s enormous, tacky mansion. Nick goes to have dinner with his cousin Daisy and her extremely rich husband Tom Buchanan, whom he knows slightly from Yale.Their house is overwhelmingly decorated. Tom is gruff, aggressive, and physically intimidating. Daisy and her friend Jordan Baker are wearing white dresses that look like balloons in the breeze.Daisy laughs a lot and speaks in a low, extremely appealing voice. Their conversation is scattered and shallow, and everyone talks over each other. During dinner, Tom suddenly reveals himself to be a racist, influenced by a book that argues that the â€Å"dominant white race† is in danger of being overwhelmed by minorities.The phone rings for Tom. After he goes to answer it, Daisy seems upset and leaves the room.Jordan tells Nick that the phone call is from Tom’s mistress in New York.The rest of dinner is tense and awkward and makes Nick feel like he should call the police. After dinner, Daisy takes Nick aside and tells him that she has become cynical.Nick asks Daisy about her two-year-old daughter. Daisy doesn’t seem to have any maternal feelings. When she found out that she had given birth to a daughter, Daisy’s first reaction was to cry. She hopes her daughter will grow up to be a â€Å"beautiful fool† (1.8).Despite the fact that Daisy seems to be baring her soul to him, Nick thinks this display of misery is some kind of an act. Daisy and Nick rejoin Tom and Jordan, and Nick realizes that Jordan is a relatively famous professional golfer. He’s seen her in magazines and has heard an unpleasant story about her. After Jordan goes to bed, Daisy matter-of-factly tells Nick to start a romantic relationship with Jordan. Tom, meanwhile, tells Nick not to believe anything Daisy told him when she took him aside.Tom and Daisy ask Nick about a rumor that he was engaged. Nick denies it. This rumor is actually one of the reasons he has come East. Nick leaves the house confused about why Daisy doesn’t simply take her daughter and leave Tom. However, he can see that she has no intention of doing so. Back at his house, Nick sees the figure of Gatsby outside his mansion. Nick thinks about introducing himself, but refrains when he sees Gatsby stretching his arms out toward a green light on the opposite shore of the bay. The green light on Daisy’s dock: an aurora borealis only Gatsby can see. Key Chapter 1 Quotes In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since. "Whenever you feel like criticizing any one," he told me, "just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had." (1.1-2) The opening lines of the book color how we understand Nick’s description of everything that happens in the novel. Nickwants to present himself as a wise, objective, nonjudgmental observer, but in the course of the novel, as we learn more and more about him, we realize that he is snobby and prejudiced. In fact, it is probably because he knows this about himself that he is so eager to start the story he is telling with a long explanation of what makes him the best possible narrator. Gatsby turned out all right at the end; it is what preyed on Gatsby, what foul dust floated in the wake of his dreams that temporarily closed out my interest in the abortive sorrows and short-winded elations of men. (1.4) This is how Nick sums up Gatsby before we have even met him, before we’ve heard anything about his life. As you read the book, think about how this information informsthe way you’re responding to Gatsby’s actions. How much of what we see about Gatsby is colored by Nick’s predetermined conviction that Gatsby is a victim whose â€Å"dreams† were â€Å"preyed on†? It often feels like Nick is relying on the reader’s implicit trust of the narrator to spin Gatsby, make him come across as very sympathetic, and gloss over his flaws. "Well, it's a fine book, and everybody ought to read it. The idea is if we don't look out the white race will be- will be utterly submerged. It's all scientific stuff; it's been proved." "Well, these books are all scientific," insisted Tom, glancing at her impatiently. "This fellow has worked out the whole thing. It's up to us who are the dominant race to watch out or these other races will have control of things." (1.78-80) Tom says this at dinner about a book he’s really into. Tomis introduced as a bully and a bigot from the very beginning, and his casual racism here is a good indicator of his callous disregard for human life. We will see that his affinity for being â€Å"dominant† comes into play whenever he interacts with other people. At the same time, however, Tom tends to surround himself with those who are weaker and less powerful - probably the better to lord his physical, economic, and class power over them. â€Å"I'm glad it's a girl. And I hope she'll be a fool- that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.† (1.8) Daisytells Nick that these are the first words she said after giving birth to her daughter. This funny and depressing take on what it takes to succeed as a woman in Daisy’s world is a good lens into why she acts the way she does. Because she has never had to struggle for anything, because of her material wealth and the fact that she has no ambitions or goals, her life feels empty and meaningless to her. In a way, this wish for her daughter to be a â€Å"fool† is coming from a good place. Based on her own experiences, she assumes that a woman who is too stupid to realize that her life is pointless will be happier than one (like Daisy herself) who is restless and filled with existential ennui (which is a fancy way of describing being bored of one’s existence). But I didn't call to him for he gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone- he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward- and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock. (1.152) The first time Nick sees him, Gatsby is making this half-prayerful gesture to the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock. This is our first glimpse of his obsession and his quest for the unobtainable. Gatsby makes this reaching movement several times throughout the book, each time because something he has strived for is just out of his grasp. I guess what I’m saying is that Jay Gatsby is a walking, talking demotivational poster. Chapter 1 Analysis Now, let's discuss the way this chapter works with the novel's themes, and also which major character events are key to take away from it. Themes and Symbols Society and Class. Right away, we see the difference between West Egg, the town of the vulgar nouveau riche and those driven by ambition to become them, and East Egg, the place where the old money elite lives in more classy luxury. Nick is hyper-aware of class differences when he has lunch with Daisy and Tom. Everything about them, from their house and its decor, to the way Daisy and Jordan flop on the furniture in carefree boredom, shows how incredibly wealthy and pampered they are. At the same time, Daisy’s half-joking remarks about her boredom and her cynicism show the darker side of having whatever you want whenever you want it - there stops being much point to life. Love and Relationships. Nick has several insights into Tom and Daisy’s dysfunctional marriage. First, that Tom is having an affair so indiscreet that everyone including Jordan knows about it. Second, that Daisy is clearly miserable about Tom’s cheating. But finally - and most importantly - that Daisy simply will not leave no matter how terrible she feels about his behavior. Their relationship, however flawed, works for the two of them - something Nick figures out almost immediately when he sees them standing next to each other as he leaves. This foreshadowing is crucial to keep in mind as we watch Gatsby’s attempt to win Daisy over. The Green Light. This chapter marks our first encounter with one of the most important symbols in the novel: the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock to which Gatsby assigns almost indescribable value. This light stands for everything that has been driving him over the past five years: the desire to be with Daisy, the quest for enough money to marry her, and the delusion that she has been as obsessed with him as he has been with her. The American Dream. More universally, this desire to obtain something that is forever just out of reach - and arguably can never actually be reached - is true for many of the novel’s characters as they pursue their versions of the American Dream (the idea that hard work alone will guarantee success). Reach exceeds grasp? Check. Unrealistic - nay, delusional - goal? Check. Yup, that pretty much sums up the American Dream as described by this novel. Crucial Character Beats Nick moves from the Midwest to West Egg, next door to Gatsby. He’s sick of his boring Midwestern life and wants to recapture some of the excitement of fighting in WWI. Nick has dinner with Daisy and Tom. They are rich, and their lives seem totally meaningless. Tom displays his racist ideas and Daisy displays a total lack of maternal feelings. Nick learns that Tom is having an affair, he figures out that Daisy is unhappy but will never leave Tom, and he meets Jordan Baker, who will become his romantic interest. What’s Next? Wondering why the book starts the way it does? For example, what does Nick’s dad’s advice mean? And what’s with that strange poem Fitzgerald uses as an epigraph? Check out the explanation of the novel’s beginning. Did you know that this wasn’t Fitzgerald’s first choice of title? Learn more about the history and meaning of the title. Move on to the summary of Chapter 2or go back to the overview of the whole novel. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

History of Multilateralism in Foreign Policy

History of Multilateralism in Foreign Policy Multilateralism is diplomatic term that refers to cooperation among several nations. President Barack Obama has made multilateralism a central element of U.S. foreign policy under his administration. Given the global nature of multilateralism, multilateral policies are diplomatically intensive but offer the potential for great payoffs. History of U.S. Multilateralism Multilateralism is largely a post-World War II element of U.S. foreign policy. Such cornerstone U.S. policies as the Monroe Doctrine (1823) and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1903) were unilateral. That is, the United States issued the policies without the help, consent, or cooperation of other nations. American involvement in World War I, while it would seem to be a multilateral alliance with Great Britain and France, was in fact a unilateral venture. The U.S. declared war against Germany in 1917, almost three years after the war began in Europe; it cooperated with Great Britain and France simply because they had a common enemy; aside from combating the German spring offensive of 1918, it refused to follow the alliances old style of trench fighting; and, when the war ended, the U.S. negotiated a separate peace with Germany. When President Woodrow Wilson proposed a truly multilateral organization - The League of Nations - to prevent another such war, Americans refused to join. It smacked too much of the European alliance systems that had triggered World War I in the first place. The U.S. also stayed out of the World Court, a mediating organization with no real diplomatic weight. Only World War II pulled the U.S. toward multilateralism. It worked with Great Britain, the Free French, the Soviet Union, China and others in a real, cooperative alliance. At the end of the war, the U.S. became involved in a flurry of multilateral diplomatic, economic, and humanitarian activity. The U.S. joined the wars victors in the creation of: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, 1944The United Nations (UN), 1945The World Health Organization (WHO), 1948 The U.S. and its Western allies also created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. While NATO still exists, it originated as a military alliance to throw back any Soviet incursion into western Europe. The U.S. followed that up with the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Organization of American States (OAS). Although the OAS has major economic, humanitarian, and cultural aspects, both it and SEATO began as organizations through which the U.S. could prevent communism from infiltrating those regions. Uneasy Balance with Military Affairs SEATO and the OAS were technically multilateral groups. However, Americas political dominance of them tilted them toward unilateralism. Indeed, much of American Cold War policies - which revolved around containment of communism - tended in that direction. The United States entered the Korean War in the summer of 1950 with a United Nations mandate to push back a communist invasion of South Korea. Even so, the United States dominated the 930,000-man UN force: it supplied 302,000 men outright, and it outfitted, equipped, and trained the 590,000 South Koreans involved. Fifteen other countries provided the rest of the manpower. American involvement in Vietnam, coming without a UN mandate, was entirely unilateral. Both U.S. ventures in Iraq - the Persian Gulf War of 1991 and the Iraqi War that began in 2003 - had the multilateral backing of the UN and the involvement of coalition troops. However, the United States supplied the majority of troops and equipment during both wars. Regardless of label, both ventures have the appearance and feel of unilateralism. Risk Vs. Success Unilateralism, obviously, is easy - a country does what it wants. Bilateralism - policies enacted by two parties - are also relatively easy. Simple negotiations reveal what each party wants and does not want. They can quickly resolve differences and move ahead with policy. Multilateralism, however, is complicated. It must consider the diplomatic needs of many nations. Multilateralism is much like trying to arrive at a decision in a committee at work, or perhaps working on an assignment in a group in a college class. Inevitably arguments, divergent goals, and cliques can derail the process. But when the whole succeeds, the results can be amazing. The Open Government Partnership A proponent of multilateralism, President Obama has initiated two new U.S.-led multilateral initiatives. The first is the Open Government Partnership. The Open Government Partnership (OGP) seeks to secure transparent government functioning around the globe. Its declaration proclaims the OGP is committed to the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the UN Convention against Corruption, and other applicable international instruments related to human rights and good governance. The OGP wants to: Increase accessibility to governmental information,Support non-discriminatory civic participation in governmentPromote professional integrity within governmentsUse technology to promote openness and accountability of governments. Eight nations now belong to the OGP. They are the United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, the Philippines, Norway, Mexico, Indonesia, and Brazil. Global Counterterrorism Forum The second of Obamas recent multilateral initiatives is the Global Counterterrorism Forum. The forum is essentially a place where states practicing counterterrorism can convene to share information and practices. Announcing the forum on September 22, 2011, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said, We need a dedicated global venue to regularly convene key counterterrorism policy makers and practitioners from around the world. We need a place where we can identify essential priorities, devise solutions, and chart a path to implementation of best practices. The forum has set four major goals in addition to sharing information. Those are: Discover how to develop justice systems rooted in the rule of law but effective against terrorism.Find cooperative ways to globally understand the radicalization of ideals, terrorist recruitment.Find ways to strengthen weaknesses - such as border security - that terrorists exploit.Ensure dynamic, strategic thinking and action about counterterrorism efforts.

Creating a Quality Application Essay

Creating a Quality Application Essay There is no question that the application essay process can be a bit intimidating. As someone who has written several admissions essays, I know exactly how exasperating a process it can be! And that is why I have created this website. After years of school and dozens of compositions, I believe that I have come up with an effective formula for writing application essays from which anyone can benefit. If you wish to write a quality application essay, the first thing to which you must commit is the simple fact that it is going to take a while. So, do yourself a favor and get any ideas you might have of completing your admissions essay in a few hours out of your head. In fact, I would recommend that you give yourself at least a month to work on your admissions essay so that you dont feel rushed or anxious (as this could have a negative effect on your writing). The more time you allow for your work, the more fully you will be able to experience the creative process. This is why I believe that every student should start working on his or her application composition several weeks and/or months in advance. If you are planning to apply to college next year, I recommend that you get a calendar and map out a specific schedule for your work. Although this might seem unnecessary, I promise you that making this schedule will aid tremendously in the overall process. Designing a personalized schedule for your work is the first step toward an excellent application essay. Once you have created this schedule, feel free to read on to the next page. In the meanwhile, if you have any questions about admissions essays and/or graduate school essays, please dont hesitate to contact me.

Domain Name System Security Extensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Domain Name System Security Extensions - Essay Example It is a collection of extensions to DNS that offer the DNS clients origin verification of DNS data, data reliability and authenticated defiance of existence. When you spend some time on the Internet either sending an e-mail or browsing the Web, you make use of domain name servers without even recognizing it. DNS is an extremely important part of the internet but totally to the user. The DNS structure forms one of the principals and most vigorous distributed databases on the globe. With no DNS, the Internet would fail instantly, thus it must be properly maintained and the proper security system put in place to secure it from people with bad intentions. Similar to the majority of the early Internet protocols, DNS was not meant to bear it does nowadays. It was not made with an Internet-as-e-commerce stage in mind as it is today. It was too not made to deal with cache poisoning, phishers, farmers, denial-of-service attacks, spammers or any kind of scammer. DNS reached its twenty-fifth in 2008, and started showing its age with major flaws in the system. Mimoso (2008, p1) says DNS was made as a "modest" substitute of host tables that were applied in keeping track of network machines. The ending outcome was the DNS we have come to recognize and love: a protocol that interprets domain names into IP addresses. This is what was required back in January 1, 1983 when machines on the ARPANET were needed to change to the TCP/IP protocol. What's required today is DNSSEC, which help defend against various attack against DNS servers, be it enterprise servers or the root DNS servers that control the Internet and have double fruitfully been attacked. DNSSEC offers source authentication of DNS data, data reliability and genuine denial of existence, as per the project's website. Various problems have subdued widespread deployment, including issues with scalability and well-suitability with diverse DNS servers. It is generally believed that making the DNS safe is critically vital for securing the entire Internet; however implementation of DNSSEC particularly has been held back by the difficulty of working out a backward-compatible set that can scale to the range of the Internet, avoiding "zone enumeration" where necessary, positioning DNSSEC implementations over a wide range of DNS servers and clients, disparity among major players over who ought to own the Top Level Domains such as .com, .net and .org root keys and finally conquering the perceived complication of DNSSEC and DNSSEC operation. A number of these problems are in the course of being determined, and deployments in a range of domains have started to take place.

(Outline)Ban Driving of Gasoline Powered Vechicles in United States Essay

(Outline)Ban Driving of Gasoline Powered Vechicles in United States - Essay Example gasoline powered vehicles in the unites sates because it has many environmental hazards, high cost burden middle class citizens, and hinders the advancement of alternative fuel research. Today, more than ever before, terms such as global warming, environmental friendly and climate change have become common in conversations. For many years, gasoline powered cars have had negative impacts on the environment and health (Hunderson, 2008). Convectional gasoline powered cars have internal combustion engines that release carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the increased rate of climate change and global warming. Nitrogenous oxides, when released into the atmosphere travel to long distances and smog on the Ozone layer, is created, in turn (Hunderson, 2008). Because of the high gasoline prices, many middle class motorists are struggling to make ends meet and fuel their cars, at the same time. Some have even given up the cars for scooters and bicycles. In the United States, the average price for a gallon of gas costs $3.59, this is very high compared to $3.19 at the same time last year (McKinney, 2011). The prices of gasoline are rising and will continue rising until people seek alternative powering systems for their vehicles. The United States accounts for more than 40 percent of the consumption of gas in the world. Americans are said to own more cars in a given household and drive longer distances this leads to increased dependency on the fossil fuels and requires additional financial resources to finance the mining, purchase and refining of the fuels (McKinney, 2011). The dependency of the United States on fossil fuels hinders research on other alternative methods of powering cars. Most of the American citizens have not felt the tremendous effects of using fossil powered cars (Motavalli, 2012). They continue using the fuel and are not interested to research on other methods that may rid the country

Article response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response - Article Example milar levels of proficiency in their L3.Can Cross-Linguistic Influence(CLI) from L2 be observed in the, L3 lexicon of the candidate/learner who has attained a low level of L2 proficiency and who has also had limited exposure to that language? Let us see. The study showed that L1(English was used as L1 in the study) was by far the main source of influence on L3 languages. The CLI found in the L3(Germany was used) of the candidates in the high 2nd language proficiency(low L2 exposure) group has features of the Cross Linguistic Influence found in the L3 of the candidates in the high 2nd language proficiency(low L2 exposure) has characteristics of the CLI found in the L3 of the candidates in the high second language proficiency/high L2 exposure and the low second language proficiency(low L2) exposure groups. In a study of the placement of sentence negation in third language acquisition, it is argued that there is a contrast between acquisition of a second language and the acquisition of a third language. Although there is substantial evidence for L2 impact on vocabulary acquisition in L3, not every researcher believe that such manipulation generalizes to morph syntactic aspects of the grammar. The data clearly shows that syntactic structures are easily transferred from the second language than from the first language in the initial stage of L3 acquisition. The two groups behave almost contrastingly concerning the placement of negation, a contrast that can be sources to the L2 knowledge of the candidates in interaction with the typological relationship between the second and the third languages (Tremblay, 2006). The impact of L1 on L3 of learners who have achieved a higher level of L2 proficiency is the same, regardless of the level of exposure of L2 by the learners. While the overall rates of L1 influence are the same/similar for the high L2 proficiency exposure and a low second language exposure groups, the overall rate of first language influence found in the L3

Information Systems Components PowerPoint Presentation

Information Systems Components - PowerPoint Presentation Example At the core of proper information management is the collection process. Collecting information includes all the activities that pertain to the gathering of the information from its source. In the London Olympics, much information will have to be gathered from thousands of places in order to be analyzed and translated. The collection process has to be done exhaustively and unobtrusively in order to ensure that nothing important is left behind. In this regard, proper information gathering techniques have to be used in order to obtain quality information from the fields and other sources. Such techniques should not have any loopholes that can lead to some information being lost or distorted during the collection process. Good information management for the Olympics will require that information is normalized in order to create a sense of uniformity and conformity for the organizers. In this regard, it is important to use advanced computer software that can effectively normalize the larg e volumes of information that will have to be dealt with in the process. The organizers should therefore ensure that they use proper computerized information management systems that will ensure that the whole event is devoid of any mishaps that can occur in such instances. It has to be realized that if the wrong information is gathered from the ground, chaos will begin to erupt in the games. It is therefore important that information gathered has to be confirmed and counterchecked in order to ensure that no distortion has occurred in the collection process. The information gathered from the field will normally be at its raw state. In order to make it presentable and easily understood by the millions of people across the world that would be waiting, it is important that the information is properly analyzed. The raw data can be analyzed through the use of various methods. In this regard, the analysis of the information has to be highly computerized in order to effectively address the large volumes of information that would be available. It is also important that the information system to be used to has a good backup process in order to take care of any eventuality. While many people across the world would eagerly be waiting to receive updated information on the various events on progress in London, the organizers have the important duty of ensuring that this flow of information occurs without any interruption or hiccups. In order to ensure that nothing is taken for granted, it is necessary that the organizers of the London Olympics to regularly conduct database checkups in order to ensure the functionality of the information systems and to ensure that everything progresses as planned. Since the data gathering process is expected to be top notch, it is also important to ensure that the data quality strategy is regularly checked and enhanced. This would be greatly important considering that the data obtained from the event will have to be kept and used for several years to come. In order to ensure that only the appropriate information is gathered and relayed across, it is necessary to track the deliverability of the information across the whole system. Quality information can only be obtained if it is tracked across the movement in order to ensur

Significance of Forensic Evidence Research Paper

Significance of Forensic Evidence - Research Paper Example Forensic evidence usually involves factors like modern computer, DNA fingerprints, forensic anthropology, toxicology, autopsy techniques and much more. Forensic evidence, therefore, has some significance to criminal justice and has some impacts on law. However, forensic evidence raises questions as to whether there are enough constitutional safeguards to help in maintaining the privacy of people. Moreover, forensic evidence has some great assets and liabilities. Forensic evidence has appreciable significance to criminal justice. For instance, forensic evidence has assisted in the arrest of people who commit rape crimes. In the past, when someone was raped, it was not simple to establish who did the rape. This was because the technological level was not so advanced. With forensic science, test can be carried out on a victim of rape to determine the person who did the rape. This technology simply collects some fluids from the rape victims for example semen and then it is taken for the DNA test. The results from such tests are in most cases accurate. This has therefore, been of positive significance to criminal justice. Another significance of forensic evidence to the criminal justice is in the accounting sector. Since the sector of accounts majorly deals with finances, it is prone to criminal activities. The sector of accounts has in the past lost many finances because of fraud cases by those in management, especially the accountants. Presently, forensic technology is also used in the financial sector to detect fraud cases. Financial sectors are, therefore, employing forensic accountants who assist in the detection of fraud. This has helped the courts in judging the cases that involve mismanagement of funds because before, such judgments were not easy to make. The judgments were not easy to make because in most situations there was no clear evidence. Forensic accounting has, therefore, contributed significantly to criminal justice. In crime scenes, the police inv estigators or rather the technicians of crime scenes usually examine all available evidence carefully and dust the scenes of crime purposely to retrieve some fingerprints in case of existence. These fingerprints are usually used to detect the individuals who were present at the time the crime occurred. These individuals can, therefore, help in the investigation process or if they are the criminals then the law acts on them. The detection of the characters with the same fingerprints like the ones collected the scene of crime is usually done with the assistance of forensic science. The evidence from this method is in most cases accurate hence the law courts find it easy to sentence such criminals. This forensic method, therefore, has helped in criminal justice significantly. Forensic evidence is also significant to the criminal justice because it gives the law courts clear evidence on the murder cases. Forensic science can be used in testing the bloodstains at a crime scene. Bloodstai ns and spatter analysis engages the examination of a crime scene, extension and trajectory of the blood in the crime scene (Kiely, 2001). It can, therefore, be used to determine a death cause, a victim’s location and the weapon used or the perpetrator. These collections are then taken to the forensic laboratory for analysis and finding of the results. It is the result from

Information Systems Components PowerPoint Presentation

Information Systems Components - PowerPoint Presentation Example At the core of proper information management is the collection process. Collecting information includes all the activities that pertain to the gathering of the information from its source. In the London Olympics, much information will have to be gathered from thousands of places in order to be analyzed and translated. The collection process has to be done exhaustively and unobtrusively in order to ensure that nothing important is left behind. In this regard, proper information gathering techniques have to be used in order to obtain quality information from the fields and other sources. Such techniques should not have any loopholes that can lead to some information being lost or distorted during the collection process. Good information management for the Olympics will require that information is normalized in order to create a sense of uniformity and conformity for the organizers. In this regard, it is important to use advanced computer software that can effectively normalize the larg e volumes of information that will have to be dealt with in the process. The organizers should therefore ensure that they use proper computerized information management systems that will ensure that the whole event is devoid of any mishaps that can occur in such instances. It has to be realized that if the wrong information is gathered from the ground, chaos will begin to erupt in the games. It is therefore important that information gathered has to be confirmed and counterchecked in order to ensure that no distortion has occurred in the collection process. The information gathered from the field will normally be at its raw state. In order to make it presentable and easily understood by the millions of people across the world that would be waiting, it is important that the information is properly analyzed. The raw data can be analyzed through the use of various methods. In this regard, the analysis of the information has to be highly computerized in order to effectively address the large volumes of information that would be available. It is also important that the information system to be used to has a good backup process in order to take care of any eventuality. While many people across the world would eagerly be waiting to receive updated information on the various events on progress in London, the organizers have the important duty of ensuring that this flow of information occurs without any interruption or hiccups. In order to ensure that nothing is taken for granted, it is necessary that the organizers of the London Olympics to regularly conduct database checkups in order to ensure the functionality of the information systems and to ensure that everything progresses as planned. Since the data gathering process is expected to be top notch, it is also important to ensure that the data quality strategy is regularly checked and enhanced. This would be greatly important considering that the data obtained from the event will have to be kept and used for several years to come. In order to ensure that only the appropriate information is gathered and relayed across, it is necessary to track the deliverability of the information across the whole system. Quality information can only be obtained if it is tracked across the movement in order to ensur

Accounting Cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Accounting Cycle - Research Paper Example An organization that depends on the accounting cycle to create outputs that are needed to evaluate the financial performance of an organization is the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC). The SEC mandates that public corporation release financial statements at least once a year. The amount of time that it takes to complete the accounting cycle is typically one year. Due to SEC regulations publicly traded companies have to compress their accounting cycles in order to release quarterly financial statements. The primary players that are involved in the preparation of financial statements are the employees that belong to the accounting department. The collective efforts of all accountants of a corporation allows the accounting cycle to run smoothly and serve its purpose of enabling companies to compile financial statements that show the financial performance of a corporation. Some of the users of the financial information formed by the accounting cycle include: lenders, employees, business partners, and shareholders. The person or job position that is responsible for the completion of the accounting cycle is the controller. The controller is considered the top accounting position in any organization. The controller is responsible for the preparation of the different steps that lead to the release of financial statements. Another important executive position that closely monitors the work of the accounting department is the chief executive officer (CEO). The CEO is responsible for the ent ire performance of an organization. They must comply with the demands of different stakeholders groups. A few decades ago the accounting cycle was created manually with the use of traditional accountings books such as the general journal and the ledgers. Accountants would manually keep track of the system through these two mechanisms and other tools to create an accounting information system. Nowadays technological advances have made the job of accountants much

Travel Egency Essay Example for Free

Travel Egency Essay The purpose of this report is to determine the current business environment of the travel agency industry in New Zealand and some key factors of being success in the business. Booking the fare through travel agency can be convenient and time-saving, but there are many alternative ways out there in the market as well, such as book directly from the Airline Company, online booking website, etc. Findings indicate invest in the travel agency can be profitable but there are a few aspects to analyse before entering the market. Key factors the investor should be considered are: customer loyalty probability, sustainable development and market segmentation. Introduction There is a growing number of people book the fare or a trip through either travel agency or online website in New Zealand. Toda, Makino, Kobayashi Morimoto (2007) indicated that going on a leisure trip is good for people’s mental health, and this can also be a key driver to the increase. Furthermore, there are some positive effects relates to the travelling as well: meeting new people, gaining more exciting experiences, etc. So, not only existing travellers, but also everyone can be classified as a potential customer to the investor. An analysis of both external business environment and internal business structure will be undertaken. There should be a vivid picture presented in the investor’s mind, about travel agency industry’s future, through this report. Discussion Customer Loyalty and Profitability  Travel agencies do its business by providing service to the customers and gain commissions from it. Keeping loyalty customers is the priority to the customer oriented company as they directly and continually contribute to the business (Van Riel, Semeijn Pauwel, 2004). The profit margin generated by the travel agency is very low, and the industry is heavy reliance on the loyalty customers (Oppermann, 1997). So, travel agency should strive as much as possible to develop long-term relationship with its customers (Poujol Tanner, 2010). Losing customers can be really costly in today’s highly competitive market. According to Bovee and Thill (2010), the cost of attracting a new customer is far more than the cost of keeping the existing customer. In order to establish advantageous positions within the industry, the agency must has high quality relationship with its customers by fully satisfying the customers’ needs and wants; because the quality of customer relationship is directly proportional to agency’s profitability (Aborumman, Alhawary Irtaimeh 2011). Consumers are keen to pay for the trip at the lowest price by using the most efficient way, which is booking through the travel agency, for an example, the average difference between the ticket the customers found and the ticket the House of Travel found is 150NZD (â€Å"Agents†, 2004). However, â€Å"Is your travel agency playing ‘fare’? † (2001) appeals that only 51% of the agents can provide complete fare and flight information to the customers, and only 20% of them actually acknowledge their customers about the overrides received. This can be truly risky to the travel agency, as all the agencies are providing similar product, so the quality of service would be considered as a key factor (Van Riel et al. , 2004). Richard and Zhang (2012) also indicate that the customers can be less price-sensitive once they become loyal to a brand, and less likely switch to another brand simply because of price. Sustainable Development Having a sustainable development strategy is essential to a business to be successful in the competitive market. From the research, about 80% of the travel agency in New Zealand was or currently is operate under the franchise business model (Oppermann, 1997). In this way, the franchisor will provide the online management and online booking system for the franchisee to use, which can be a major benefit to the investor. In addition, the sustainable development strategy is also important from the business structure’s point of view. Oppermann (1997) indicates that 22 per cent of the travel agency had only one or two fully time employees, 58 per cent had 2. to 5 and only 6 per cent of the agency had more than 10 full time employees. By adopting this team-based strategy, the business can gets more customer satisfaction and be more efficient and profitable (Dunford and Palmer, 2002). The Flight Centre is a typical example for this: the Flight Centre split all the employees and retail stores into three management level, the primary level is called ‘family’, which contains three to seven employees, usually is on the retail store basis. The medium level called ‘village’, which contains our to five families that are geographically near each other, and create a close working relationship. The top level called ‘country’, which contains about 20 stores. The country leader has the right to directly report to the head office (Dunford et al. , 2002). Under this development strategy, the revenue and performance of the family, village and country directly linked to the agent’s salary, the individual has to work hard to increase customers’ satisfaction and the revenue of the family, so that he or she can get better paid. In this way, the investor can directly benefit from the increase of sales and also minimize the risk from the management level. Marketing New Zealand travel agency industry is facing a very board market, as everyone can be a potential customer. All the agencies are trying to provide unbeatable price for its customers. From the agencies’ view, some businesses have concentrated on a few specific market segments (Bovee et al. , 2010). For instance, Flight Centre New Zealand, as an Australian-based international travel agency, now owns 130 stores around New Zealand, and over 1500 stores all over the world. The company provides several different travel packages and more relevant information for the heavy-user segment rather than the light users (Dunford et al. , 2002), as the heavy users are more focus on the quality of the trip instead of price (Goldsmith Litvin, 2012); Studentflight, as a part of Flight Centre New Zealand is targeting on the young age student customer by provides special offer to the students. On the other hand, some agencies are only focus on one market segment. For an example, CTS New Zealand, which is a Chinese-based travel agency, provides the flight booking service only from or to New Zealand, not all over the world, on an extremely low price compare to others. Some other companies, such as the STA Travel Service, their product mix (not only provides assistance on booking tickets and accommodations, but also visa application, travel insurance, etc. ) also helps the company to gain more market share in the industry. Industry Structure Analysis Understand the industry structure is crucial to the investor. Travel agency industry can be defined as a highly competitive industry. First of all, there is a high threat from the substitutes and competitors. Direct distribution shows a growing proportion in the current market segment, for an example, many airline companies, such as Air New Zealand, start to distribute the ticket direct to the customers in order to cut out the commission payment to the travel agency (Oppermann, 1997). The travel agency industry is forced to innovate the way they do business due to this fact (Rhodes, 1999). However, the threats are not only come from the airline companies, but also other travel agencies. For instance, the House of Travel, Flight Centre and some other travel agencies both developed the online booking engine, so that the consumers can book the ticket, accommodation and enjoy other services online. In addition, the internet-based and home-based business model can be a major threat to the traditional type of agency, especially the internet- based agency which provides 24 hours 7 days in a row service and global accessibility for the customers (Thom Chen, 2012). Nowadays, 35% of bookings are completed online (â€Å"Bums on seats†, 2005). The supporting services provided by the online agency, such as currency calculator, weather forecast, can also be a competitive disadvantage to traditional agency (Van Riel et al. , 2004). From the internet and home-based travel agency point of view, the barriers to entry is low, due to there is almost no fixed cost involved, all you need to start a business is a computer with a booking system, a phone, and a customer list. Secondly, the supplier power is keep increasing over years, as the upper level supplier has the power to decide the commission rate that they pay to the agency. The suppliers also interested in distribute the ticket to the client by themselves rather than through the travel agency. The bargaining power of the travel agency is low. Thus, the buyer’s power is high in the industry. There are all kinds of travelling information on the internet, compare to the past, the consumers are not fully reliance on the travel agents to schedule their trip anymore. According to Dunford et al. (2002), 80% of the travel revenue was generated by 25% of the customer, and these 25% of people is relatively price-sensitive, which means the agency has to provide better service to keep those customers (Van Riel et al. , 2004). The consumers have certain degree of bargaining power. In summary, the travel agency industry is highly threatened by the competitors and the substitutes, the barriers to entry can be low, and there is almost none of switching cost, the supplier’s power and buyer’s power is high. Overall peaking, the travel agency industry may not be an attractive industry. Conclusions An analysis of the travel agency business in New Zealand has been presented in this report; few conclusions can be drawn from this. Investing in the travel agency industry and operating under the franchise business model carries a lower risk compare to operate individually. In order to being profitable in the industry, the investor should focus on developing long-term relationship with its customers by providing customize service and product for them. The investor also needs to concentrate on developing the appropriate sustainable strategy for the business. As travel agency industry is a highly competitive industry, careful determine the market segment and trying to differentiate their service and product seems necessary. The investor can be successful in the market, but there are numbers of factors need to be examining before truly entering into the market.

Issues Related To Global Training And Development Management Essay

Issues Related To Global Training And Development Management Essay For a multinational company that wishes to successfully implement a set of training and development initiatives, it will be imperative to establish coordination and cohesion between subsidiaries and headquarters. In doing so to, this will ensure people are trained and developed to their full potential and maximum effectiveness in line with organisational strategies and objectives. This essay aims to highlight the various issues concerning global training and development, with particular attention to the United Kingdom (Headquarters), Peoples Republic of China and the United States of America (Subsidiaries). Having highlighted the issues, the essay will then use relevant framework, theories and case studies to establish whether or not it is feasible for a multinational to implement a common set of training and development initiates across its global subsidiaries. Issues Related to Global Training and Development There are of course many issues related to global training and development that need to be addressed, some of which include the design, development and implementation of such initiatives (Briscoe, 2009). These are important issues for the UK multinational to consider, as they will determine the acceptance and effectiveness of the training and development schemes. In order to maximise the probability of success, Briscoe, 2009 suggests that translating and adapting to the local cultural practices, as well as compliance with local laws affecting training will greatly improve the feasibility of implementing training and development initiatives across a global platform. In order to do this, it will be important to gain insight into the training and development practices within the PRC and the USA. Training and Development in the Peoples Republic of China Over the past two decades, the training and development of managers has become an increasingly important issue for the government to promote its economic objectives (Nyaw, 1995). Chinese managers are being trained in modern management techniques, as well as appropriate industrial or commercial skills, by the companies themselves as well as by universities, professional associations, and foreign consulting firms. Companies are working with the government to develop school criteria that will produce skilled workers (Drost et. al., 2002). In addition, many multinationals, such as ABB, Ericsson, Procter Gamble, Motorola, and Siemens, have established state-of-the-art, corporate-style, campus training centers (Minehan, 1996). The establishment of corporate training centers sends a strong message to employees and prospective recruits that these employers are investing in China for the long term. Training and Development in the United States of America The American Society of Training and Development (ASTD) reported that most organizations train about 74% of their employees (Drost et al., 2002). Moreover, a recent review of training practices in U.S. firms (Salas et al., 1999), Zenger (1996) argued that training has become peripheral to organizations rather than integrated into organizations. Similarly, recent data from ASTD indicated that the size of many training departments is shrinking while the use of training sources outside the organization is increasing. As training moves outside of the organization, training consultants may develop programs that might not fit the organizations training needs (Salas et al., 1999). Implications for the UK Multinational Having gained insight and perspective into the current training and development practices of the two countries concerned, it is now important to assess the implications for the UK based multinational. With regard to China, it is encouraging to learn that the government is promoting training and development not only at a local level, but also among international organizations. This will greatly increase the UK multinationals probability for success when implementing these initiatives. Given that China has a different culture, customs and language, it will be vital that the training is not generic and coincides with the learning styles, education levels and local laws in order to achieve the desired outcome. The increase of training and development outsourcing in the US presents some problems for the UK multinational. As the training initiatives being implemented may be job-specific and highly technically orientated, the idea of relying on a third party to delivering the training could cause employees to perceive that it is neither valued nor effective, which drastically reduces the probability for success when implementing these initiatives. It will therefore be necessary for the UK multinational to address this issue with caution, by ensuring that the training is delivered by only the most appropriate and suitable partner. In light of these implications it is now necessary to determine whether a localized or standardized approach to training and development is more feasible. Localized Approach to Global Training Development After understanding how training and development features in the two subsidiaries, it becomes apparent that there are few similarities. Therefore a localized approach would seem much more appropriate rather than to just apply successful training programs from headquarters and assume they will work elsewhere. This neglects the need to tailor training to the subsidiary environment where learning styles, education levels and language barrier may affect the transfer of learning. By successfully recognizing the requirements of each subsidiary the training will become much more relevant and allow the receiving participants to apply what they learn in the training programs into their day-to-day activities. Hofstedes Framework for Assessing Culture By utilizing Hofstedes cultural dimensions (please refer to Figure 1.0 2.0) to contrast and compare the differences between the UK, China and America, it will become apparent that there are profound differences that need to be addressed otherwise the multinational risks reducing the acceptance and effectiveness of the training interventions. Chinas high Power Distance Index (PDI) indicates that subordinates are much more likely to accept and except that power is distributed unequally. In the realm of training and development this means individuals are influenced by formal authority figures and are in general optimistic about peoples capacity for leadership and initiative (Hofstede, 1991). This implies that in order for the training to be effective and engaging, the candidate(s) responsible for delivering the training should come from a higher authority and position in the company hierarchy. Failure to acknowledge this may result in the training exercises not being taken seriously. This differs greatly from the UK and USA where PDI is low, suggesting that subordinates from these two countries are less likely to discriminate a person based on their background. China is also a highly collectivist society, where people belong in groups that take care of them in exchange for loyalty (Hofstede, 1991), the UK by comparison is a very individually driven society much like the Americans. Where training and development is concerned, this may present problems for the UK multinational. For failure to recognize that people in China are generally more inclined to accept and embrace new training methods if taught in a group rather than individually will determine the successfulness of these new initiatives. Long-term Orientation (LTO) is the third and final dimension that highlights the significant differences between the two cultures. This dimension has much to do with the teaching of Confucius (à ¥Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ), a deep rooted philosophy in Chinese tradition. The high score for China suggests that the people look at the bigger picture, whereas their western colleagues (from US and UK) focus more on the short-term gains. With regard to training and development, the UK multinational must ensure that the initiatives resonate with the Chinese people. It will be important to show how learning new skills and expertise will benefit them in the long term and enable them to develop skills that might help them in their future role within the company. Standardized Approach to Global Training Development While there are many reasons to localize training, Briscoe, 2009 outlines that MNEs also must integrate their training and development activities, not only to achieve economies of scale and scope, but to ensure that the same training and development is available for all of their worldwide employees. The Aditya Birla Group is a US$28 billion corporation. It employs 100,000 people belonging to 25 nationalities and over 50% of its revenues were attributed to its overseas operations in countries like the US, the UK, China, Germany, Hungary and Brazil. By instituting its own Gyanodaya learning centre, this helped facilitate the transfer of best practices across the group companies. The training methodology compromised of classroom teaching and e-learning initiatives and the training was accessible to the group employees through the group-wide intranet. The once very expensive development of computer-based training is being democratized and put to the fingertips of everyone through e-learning tools (Briscoe, 2009). This format for delivery would seem the most appropriate approach for the UK headquarters to implement its objectives across to the American subsidiary as these two countries share a similarities in language, culture and respective laws regarding training and development. Although this approach is simple, efficient and a cost effective means of delivering training across global platforms, there may still be implementation and cultural acceptance issues where China is concerned. Black, Mendenhall Oddous Framework for Selection Appropriate Training Methods A great example of how a multinational should go about implementing its training and development schemes is highlighted in Mendenhalls framework for selecting appropriate training methods (Please refer to Figiure 3.0 4.0). Taking the form of a questionnaire, this framework identifies and distinguishes different cultures through the degree of novelty the candidate (delivering the training) will be exposed to. The higher the degree of novelty, the more rigorous the training is. For example, if the UK based multinational had plans to send two candidates abroad (to implement the training) one to China, and the other to America. The candidate sent to China would surely need to undergo a more thorough training regimen than the colleague who is being sent to America. Tesco Plc. Tim Mason (CEO of Fresh and Easy) and Ken Towle (CEO of Tesco China) are the two highly paid, very experienced and well respected managers. Although they both cut their teeth climbing up the corporate ladder in the UK, when it came to implementing business strategy abroad, neither of their strategies came to fruition. For the purpose of this essay these two candidates will illustrate how Tesco Plc. have seriously underestimated the importance that training and development plays in the global context of business, and possibly suggest alternative approaches for future companies to consider when implementing such initiatives. Tim Mason relocated to the U.S. with his family as part of the assignment of building the U.S. presence. He led the team researching the U.S. market prior to the company opening its first American store. Despite initial plans to implement a similar business model to that of Tesco UK stores, in 2010 Tesco reported a trading loss of  £142m from Fresh Easy (This is Money, 2009). As of yet Fresh and Easy are still to break even, which can be attributed to high overheads that Tesco claim is necessary in order to successfully compete in the market. However, experts say that a misunderstanding of the American consumer was the real reason why the company had had to close stores all over the country and rethink its implementation strategy. Across the North Pacific Ocean, Ken Towel has been having his go at cracking one of the most lucrative markets in the world. Granted that China presents many opportunities, there are also many cultural, political and legislative nuances that have to be appropriately and effectively dealt with in order for them to reap the riches in this wild and wonderful country. Ken Towles approach to capturing market share, highlighted his naivety of the Chinese consumer, granted that he has now amended his short coming, this has still came at a high price to Tesco. Highlighted in this real life example, is the message that in order to succeed abroad, especially in countries where the degree of novelty and interaction is high; companies must tailor their training programs to be relevant and much more interactive rather than simply educational and informative. By enhancing the level of involvement i.e. through role playing exercises and visits, the candidate will feel confident and able, and hopefully develop global leadership skills that can be applied to future assignments and projects. This will enable career progression and enhance the talent pool, which will most certainly be a key attribute for any company wishing to succeed in an international business environment. Conclusion Recommendations Throughout, it has been stressed that relying on a common set of polices is limiting, and disregards many issues relating to the global training and development. In order to be able to successfully implement a set of initiatives globally, the multinational needs to take in to account the differences that are present between headquarters and respective subsidiary, whether they are language, culture, law or legislation. By recognizing these differences the company will develop a set of culturally sound and universally accepted HR practices, which will improve their chances of success. To conclude, America and the UK are in many ways similar. It would therefore be feasible to implement a common set of management training and development policies across these two platforms. However, when China is added to the equation this complicates matters slightly. Even though this country is becoming better understood and more economically developed, there is still a large difference between the East and the West. Where training and development is concerned, multinationals must adhere to the local way of life and understand the people and their environment in order develop a truly effective strategy. These Chinese have a saying that puts emphasis on many of the arguments made in this essay. à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ©Ã… ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿- (rà ¹ xiÄ ng suà ­ sà º) When entering a village, follow the customs Personal Reflection Upon receiving this assignment it quickly became apparent that there was no yes or no answer to the question. After consulting with my other group members, we developed various arguments and ideas related to global training and development. For our presentation we decided to feature topics related to expatriation, carrier progression and gender equality to highlight the issues reading the posed question. After researching more around the subject area, I later found these to become less relevant and decided to take a different approach. For my essay I decided to focus more directly at addressing the issue Can a multinational have a common set of policies? Having debated what direction to take, I decided to explore the question by looking at the different approaches (Localization vs. Standardization) to training and development. I felt that this was more relevant due to the fact that it directly addresses the question and explores important themes related to the subject area. I attempted to put myself in the shoes of a business leader, and with the help of academic literature was able to arrive at a solid conclusion. Having not known much about training and development beforehand, I feel now that I have a good understanding of the problems that face multinational when trying to implement these initiatives abroad. Working in a group allowed me the chance to develop arguments, and contest ideas with my team members. We all worked well together and benefitted from one anothers input, which helped in our understanding of the subject and the question.